美军完成撤离伊拉克 结束二十余年驻扎与打击IS任务US Forces Complete Iraq Withdrawal, Ending Two Decades of Deployment
根据2024年达成的双边协议，美国将于2026年9月30日前完成从伊拉克撤离剩余的2500名美军人员，正式结束长达12年打击极端组织“伊斯兰国”的“坚定决心行动”，并为2003年伊拉克战争以来二十余年的美军驻扎画上句号。伊拉克总理阿里·扎伊迪在声明中宣布，10月1日将开启伊拉克国家主权完整且境内无外国军队驻扎的新时期，巴格达当局已设立为期四天的公共假期“独立日”进行庆祝。 然而，美军的全面撤离使得伊拉克国内外的安全局势面临重新调整。巴格达方面此前将国内民兵及非国家武装力量解除武装并收归国有的截止期限推迟至2027年6月30日，目前包括“真主党旅”在内的强硬派武装仍未展现缴械意愿。与此同时，美军撤离埃尔比勒并撤除相关防空系统，引发了库尔德自治区与少数族群对防范无人机与导弹袭击能力的关切，土耳其军队在伊拉克北部也依然保留驻扎部署。在美伊关系转向常规双边合作之际，伊拉克中央政府正面临巩固防务安全与平衡区域力量的多重考量。
Under a 2024 bilateral agreement, the United States will complete the withdrawal of its remaining 2,500 troops from Iraq by September 30, 2026, concluding the 12-year Operation Inherent Resolve against ISIS and ending more than two decades of US military deployment that began with the 2003 invasion. Iraqi Prime Minister Ali al-Zaidi declared in an official statement that October 1 will mark a new chapter for the Iraqi state characterized by complete territorial sovereignty and the absence of foreign forces, designating a four-day national public holiday known as Independence Day to commemorate the departure. Nevertheless, the military exit brings immediate domestic and regional security questions to the forefront. The Iraqi government has postponed its target date for disarming non-state armed groups and integrating them under state control to June 30, 2027, as several hardline militia factions continue to resist yielding their weapons. Concurrently, the departure of American forces and the removal of air defense systems from Erbil have prompted defense concerns across the semi-autonomous Kurdistan Region regarding missile and drone strikes, while Turkish troops still maintain an active military deployment in the north. As Washington and Baghdad transition their relationship toward regular diplomatic and economic cooperation, Iraq faces the critical task of managing internal stability and regional cross-border dynamics.
01美军撤离伊拉克与历史任务终结US Troop Withdrawal and the End of Inherent Resolve
美军在伊拉克的军事行动随着最后2500名官兵的离境正式告终。自2003年美军发动伊拉克战争推翻萨达姆政权后，美军部队曾于2011年撤离，后于2014年极端组织“伊斯兰国”席卷伊拉克及叙利亚期间重返该国，并发起“坚定决心行动”。此次撤军落实了华盛顿与巴格达在2024年达成的双边协议，也符合美国近年来缩减中东驻军的总体战略调整。
The departure of the final 2,500 US service members concludes a protracted military presence that began with the 2003 invasion to topple Saddam Hussein. While American forces initially pulled out in 2011, troops returned in 2014 under Operation Inherent Resolve to combat the rapid expansion of the Islamic State group across Iraq and neighboring Syria. The completion of this planned withdrawal carries out the bilateral accord reached in 2024 and aligns with Washington's broader strategic shift aimed at reducing its overall military footprint across the Middle East.
伊拉克总理阿里·扎伊迪在声明中表示，随着撤军如期完成，伊拉克全境将实现主权完整并摆脱外国驻军。为纪念这一进程，巴格达当局确立了为期四天的“独立日”公共假日。与此同时，美军撤出标志着打击极端组织的多国联合行动告一段落，伊拉克国防力量将在无美军地面依托的情况下全面承接本国领土的安全防务任务。
Iraqi Prime Minister Ali al-Zaidi stated that the final troop departure delivers full national sovereignty over Iraqi territory without the presence of foreign forces, an occasion Baghdad is observing with four days of official 'Independence Day' public holidays. The end of the 12-year multinational campaign places the responsibility for monitoring remaining extremist threats entirely on domestic Iraqi security structures as foreign combat missions conclude.
美军驻伊拉克二十余年军事历程Timeline of US Military Presence in Iraq
梳理美军自2003年进入伊拉克、经历打击IS任务至2026年全面撤离的关键历史节点。
Traces key milestones of US military deployment in Iraq from the 2003 invasion to the 2026 withdrawal.
美军入侵伊拉克推翻萨达姆政权，开启了长达二十余年的军事介入与驻扎历程。
US forces invaded Iraq to topple Saddam Hussein, initiating more than two decades of military involvement.
美军一度结束在伊拉克的驻留并完成首轮全面撤军，结束了2003年入侵后的最初作战阶段。
American forces pulled out of Iraq, initially bringing an end to the deployment that began with the 2003 invasion.
面对极端组织“伊斯兰国”在伊拉克和叙利亚的迅速扩张，美军重返伊拉克并启动多国军事行动。
US troops returned to Iraq under Operation Inherent Resolve to combat the rapid expansion of the Islamic State group.
美伊两国达成双边协议，敲定分阶段结束反恐联合行动，计划在2026年9月前撤离剩余2500名驻军。
Washington and Baghdad reached a bilateral accord setting a schedule to withdraw the remaining 2,500 US service members.
伊拉克总理扎伊迪宣布美军结束12年任务完成撤离，设4天独立日假期，并将民兵缴械截止期延至2027年6月。
Iraqi Prime Minister al-Zaidi announced the end of US deployments, designating an Independence Day holiday while extending the militia disarmament deadline.
02巴格达推迟民兵解除武装截止期Baghdad Delays Militia Disarmament Deadline
在美军撤离的同时，伊拉克中央政府调整了整编国内准军事武装的时间表。伊拉克总理阿里·扎伊迪此前宣布将非国家武装组织缴械并收归国有控制的最终期限推迟至2027年6月30日。根据修改后的方案，各方设立了一个为期90天的过渡期，在此期间武装组织承诺停止发动袭击，以换取美军不将其作为打击目标的保证，随后各派系将在2027年中期前逐步向国家移交武器装备。
Alongside the departure of US forces, the Iraqi central government has modified its schedule for integrating non-state paramilitary factions under official state command. Iraqi Prime Minister Ali al-Zaidi announced that the final deadline for disarming armed groups and placing them under government authority has been extended to June 30, 2027. Under the revised framework, a 90-day transition period has been established during which armed groups agreed to halt attacks in exchange for assurances that US forces will not target them, setting up a phased weapons handover to be completed by mid-2027.
然而，整编方案的推进面临主要武装派系的实际阻力。大西洋理事会斯考克罗夫特中东安全倡议特聘研究员阿丽娜·L·罗马诺夫斯基指出，“真主党旅”、“高贵者运动”以及“赛义德烈士旅”等强硬派武装组织迄今未释放任何准备向国家交出武器并融入政府军的意向。智库查塔姆研究所中东和北非项目副主任雷纳德·曼苏尔分析认为，伊拉克许多政治派别长期与武装组织深度绑定，安全领域的权力结构难以在短期内实现快速重组，预计部分武装组织在未来一年仍将维持独立于中央政府的运作状态。
The disarmament initiative faces substantial resistance from several prominent militia organizations. Alina L. Romanowski, a distinguished fellow with the Scowcroft Middle East Security Initiative at the Atlantic Council, observed that hardline factions including Kata'ib Hezbollah, Harakat al-Nujaba, and Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada have shown no indication of surrendering their arsenals or integrating into official Iraqi armed forces. Chatham House Middle East and North Africa deputy director Renad Mansour noted that deep-seated links between political movements and armed groups make rapid security sector restructuring improbable, expecting numerous militias to remain outside central government control over the coming year.
03库尔德地区与少数群体面临的安全隐患Security Concerns in the Kurdistan Region and for Minorities
美军撤离行动还涵盖了驻扎在伊拉克北部库尔德自治区首府埃尔比勒的人员及防空系统的撤除。库尔德自治区总理马斯鲁尔·巴尔扎尼已呼吁巴格达中央政府提供防空保护，以抵御来自伊朗的导弹和无人机袭击。自2月美以与伊朗爆发冲突以来，伊拉克境内受伊朗支持的武装派别对埃尔比勒与美方相关目标的袭击有所增加，伊朗针对伊拉克境内伊朗库尔德反对派基础设施的打击同样呈上升态势。周一，埃尔比勒的库尔德官员表示，有三架无人机袭击了一个与伊朗库尔德反对派有关的营地，当地官员称无人机为伊朗制造，但袭击责任方尚未得到独立核实。
The withdrawal of American forces includes the departure of military personnel and the removal of US air defense systems from Erbil, the capital of northern Iraq's semi-autonomous Kurdistan Region. Kurdish Prime Minister Masrour Barzani has called on the central government in Baghdad to provide protection against missile and drone attacks from Iran. Attacks by Iran-backed Iraqi armed groups against US-linked targets in Erbil have increased since the conflict involving the US, Israel, and Iran began in February, alongside rising Iranian strikes against infrastructure belonging to Iranian Kurdish opposition factions based in Iraq. On Monday, Kurdish officials in Erbil reported that three drones struck a camp affiliated with Iran's Kurdish opposition; while local officials identified the drones as Iranian-made, responsibility for the strike has not been independently confirmed.
防空设施与驻军的撤出引发了对当地族群防务脆弱性的担忧。大西洋理事会伊拉克倡议非驻会高级研究员兼美利坚大学全球库尔德和平倡议主任耶烈万·赛义德指出，从2026年10月1日起，包括基督徒、雅兹迪人以及库尔德社区在内的脆弱少数族群可能面临更大的安全风险，外国地面部队的撤离结束了此前为抵御中央与区域掠夺力量提供缓冲保护的时期。
The removal of defensive umbrella assets has raised concerns regarding the vulnerability of local populations. Yerevan Saeed, a nonresident senior fellow with the Iraq Initiative at the Atlantic Council and director of the Global Kurdish Initiative for Peace at American University, warned that vulnerable ethnic and religious minorities such as Christians and Yazidis, as well as Kurdish communities, could face greater exposure beginning October 1, 2026, as the departure of foreign troops ends a period in which external deployments served as a buffer against central and regional predation.
04美伊关系转型与区域外部军事存在Transition in US-Iraq Relations and Remaining Foreign Deployments
美军作战任务的终结促使巴格达与华盛顿之间的双边交往模式发生转变。根据两国2024年达成的共识，双方关系正逐步从过去以安全防务为重心的合作模式，转向涵盖经济等常规领域的双边交往。查塔姆研究所中东和北非项目副主任兼伊拉克倡议主任雷纳德·曼苏尔指出，巴格达当前的政治诉求是明确伊拉克希望继续保持美国盟友的地位，伊拉克总理阿里·扎伊迪担忧，在美以与伊朗爆发冲突的背景下，华盛顿可能将伊拉克及其境内的亲伊朗非国家武装力量视作过度倒向德黑兰。
The conclusion of the American military mission has shifted the framework of bilateral engagement between Baghdad and Washington toward normalized bilateral relations. In accordance with mutual understandings established in 2024, the relationship between the two nations is moving away from an exclusive security focus toward other arenas, including regular economic and commercial partnerships. Renad Mansour, deputy director for the Middle East and North Africa program and director of the Iraq Initiative at Chatham House, explained that Baghdad's primary political objective is to make clear that Iraq intends to remain an ally of the United States. He noted that Prime Minister Ali al-Zaidi remains concerned that Washington might perceive Iraq and its Iran-backed non-state militias as being too closely aligned with Tehran, particularly while the United States and Israel remain in active conflict with Iran.
与此同时，美军的离境并不代表伊拉克领土上的所有外国军事部署彻底结束。土耳其军队目前在伊拉克境内仍有驻扎，尽管安卡拉方面本周早些时候宣布，计划逐步将位于伊拉克北部的一处军事基地移交给巴格达当局。在美伊防务合作调整后，如何处置外部邻国的跨境驻军并推进常规经济与商业合作，构成了伊拉克主权过渡进程中的关键议题。
The complete withdrawal of US troops does not mark the conclusion of all foreign military presence within Iraq. Turkish armed forces maintain deployments on Iraqi soil, although officials in Ankara announced earlier this week that Turkey intends to gradually hand over a military base situated in northern Iraq to the central government in Baghdad. Managing these residual foreign deployments alongside developing mutual commercial ties forms a core element of Iraq's subsequent diplomatic and sovereign transition.
