欧洲警惕俄混合战威胁升级 军工企业强化安保自卫Europe Alarms Over Russian Hybrid Warfare as Defense Sector Bolsters Security
欧洲近月来面临一系列针对国防工业、公共事业、交通网络和关键基础设施的无人机入侵、纵火、网络攻击与破坏行动，多国官方将责任直接指向俄罗斯。北约和欧洲安全官员评估认为，相关行动正转向与乌克兰援助直接挂钩的军工制造和物流枢纽，欧盟外交政策负责人卡娅·卡拉斯表示欧洲正经历“越来越具动能的混合攻击浪潮”。美国司法部指控俄罗斯情报机构在欧洲合谋资助恐怖主义并雇凶杀人，德国官员也称本国正成为日常混合战目标；克里姆林宫发言人佩斯科夫对此类指控予以反驳，称其“毫无根据”。随着灰色地带行动呈现更高风险，莱茵金属、亨索尔特及米尔雷姆机器人等欧洲防务承包商正全面升级安保措施，部分企业更寻求官方批准自建无人机防御设施，使欧洲各国在开放社会机制下面对严峻的反制挑战。
European authorities are confronting a wide-ranging surge in drone incursions, suspected arson, cyberattacks, and sabotage targeting critical infrastructure, defense manufacturing plants, utilities, and transport networks across the continent, with Western officials pointing directly at Moscow. Security officials within NATO note that these hybrid operations have shifted toward defense-industrial and logistics assets tied directly to Ukraine support, while European Union foreign policy chief Kaja Kallas warned that the region is experiencing a wave of increasingly kinetic hybrid attacks. The escalation prompted the United States Department of Justice to formally accuse Russian intelligence of conspiring to finance terrorism and commit murder for hire on European soil, though Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov dismissed such allegations as completely unfounded. As the scope of incidents extends from border zones and offshore energy facilities to defense supply chains, major European defense contractors—including Rheinmetall, Hensoldt, and Milrem Robotics—are ramping up physical and perimeter security measures, with some companies seeking regulatory permission to deploy drone-downing systems to counter mounting gray-zone risks.
01无人机入侵与破坏事件频发引爆欧洲安全警报Drone Incursions and Sabotage Surge Across Europe
在整个夏季期间，无人机威胁与破坏行动逐步深入欧洲腹地。8月11日，军方潜水员在罗马尼亚海岸附近销毁了两架漂浮的无人机，事发地点靠近一座价值40亿欧元（约合47亿美元）的能源项目。9天后，罗马尼亚军方再次紧急出动两架F-16战机，在同一座容纳数百名工人的黑海天然气平台附近拦截并摧毁了一架海上无人机，当局将矛头直指莫斯科。
Throughout the summer, drone incursions and sabotage actions advanced deeper into European territory. On August 11, military divers destroyed two drones floating off the Romanian coast in close proximity to a 4-billion-euro ($4.7 billion) offshore energy project. Nine days later, Bucharest scrambled two F-16 fighter jets to neutralize a maritime drone operating near the same Black Sea gas platform, which carried hundreds of workers on board, with authorities pointing directly at Moscow.
除海上关键能源设施遇险外，欧洲空域与交通枢纽也频繁拉响防空预警。德国警方8月初在莱比锡机场检测到一架武装无人机，北约战机则在立陶宛空域击落了一架自白俄罗斯入境的无人飞行器。欧洲多名未具名官员表达担忧，指出企业正处于战争与和平之间的灰色地带，若此类行动持续，造成平民伤亡恐只是时间问题。
Beyond critical offshore energy assets, European airspace and transport infrastructure faced immediate disruption from unmanned systems. In early August, German police detected an armed unmanned aerial vehicle at Leipzig airport, while NATO fighter jets intercepted and downed another drone that entered Lithuanian airspace from neighboring Belarus. European officials, speaking on condition of anonymity, warned that frontline enterprises operate in an uneasy gray zone between war and peace, raising concerns over potential civilian casualties.
欧洲应对俄混合战争威胁演进时间线Timeline of Escalating Russian Hybrid Warfare Threats in Europe
梳理针对欧洲军工高管、离岸能源设施与关键基础设施的混合攻击与防务安全应对历程。
Tracing the escalation of hybrid attacks against European infrastructure and the subsequent defense security ramp-up.
德国军工巨头莱茵金属首席执行官帕佩格的住所遭遇纵火，情报部门随后发出针对其暗杀图谋的警告，迫使其提高安保等级并接受严密保护。
Following an arson attack at the home of Rheinmetall CEO Armin Papperger and intelligence warnings of an assassination plot, the executive was placed under heavy protection.
罗马尼亚军方潜水员在靠近价值40亿欧元的黑海离岸能源项目海域销毁了两架漂浮无人机，西方官员指责俄罗斯将破坏行动推向欧洲本土。
Romanian military divers destroyed two floating drones near a 4-billion-euro offshore energy project in the Black Sea, as authorities pointed to Russian threats.
罗马尼亚军方紧急出动两架F-16战机，在载有数百名工人的黑海天然气平台附近拦截并摧毁了一艘海上无人艇。
Bucharest scrambled two F-16 fighter jets to neutralize a maritime drone operating near a Black Sea gas platform carrying hundreds of workers.
德国联邦内政部长多布林特公开表示，德国已成为莫斯科混合战争的日常攻击目标，涉及针对基础设施与军工部门的破坏活动。
German Interior Minister Alexander Dobrindt stated that Germany has become a daily target of hybrid warfare by Moscow, citing ongoing threats to critical industry.
美国司法部正式指控俄情报部门在欧策划破坏与雇凶杀人，莱茵金属、亨索尔特等欧洲防务企业全面强化周界安保与防空反无人机能力。
As the US formally accused Russian intelligence of plotting European sabotage, defense contractors including Rheinmetall and Hensoldt ramped up site and counter-drone security.
02攻击目标转向军工供应链与对乌物流枢纽Shift Towards Defense Industries and Logistics Hubs
北约成员国一名官员指出，在过去两个月里，针对欧洲的混合行动焦点明显转向与支持乌克兰直接相关的国防工业与物流目标。波兰作为援乌物资的重要运输通道，经历了多起针对水务、能源基础设施和医院的网络攻击，连接华沙与乌克兰边境的铁路受损也被归咎于俄罗斯情报机构。此外，波兰总理唐纳德·图斯克将8月欧洲大型无人机制造商WB电子旗下工厂发生的一起火灾称为“破坏行为”，但当时官方未公开将其定性与俄罗斯关联。
A NATO country official reported that over the past two months, hybrid operations have shifted toward defense-industrial and logistics targets directly tied to Ukraine support. Poland, serving as a vital conduit for military aid to Ukraine, has faced multiple cyberattacks against public utilities such as water networks, energy infrastructure, and hospitals, while physical damage to the rail line connecting Warsaw to the Ukrainian border was attributed to Russian intelligence. In addition, Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk described an August fire at a manufacturing plant owned by WB Electronics, one of Europe's largest drone producers, as an act of sabotage, though no public link was drawn to Russia.
前沿物流枢纽与边境地带的安全风险同样持续上升。上周末，乌克兰与波兰边境附近的一处火车站遭遇无人机袭击，事发时正值欧美政要途径该地；此类袭击以往极为罕见。与此同时，乌克兰与摩尔多瓦边境哨所发生的一起事件已造成两名平民死亡。北约官员评估指出，此类行动在战略层面的意义远高于其造成的实际物理破坏，显示出行动方更具进攻性且愿意承担波及外国人员的风险。
Logistics corridors and border zones have faced growing security exposure. Over the past weekend, a drone assault struck a railway station near the Ukraine-Poland border as European and US dignitaries were traveling through the transit hub, an operation security officials viewed as breaking previous taboos. The border environment deteriorated further following an incident at a border post between Ukraine and Moldova that left two civilians dead. Officials assessed that while operations are structured to deny direct responsibility, the aggressive campaign is more significant strategically than for the immediate physical damage inflicted.
03美欧官方指控与克里姆林宫的回应立场Official Western Allegations and Moscow's Denials
美欧安全与司法部门正针对俄罗斯的混合战行动升级指控。美国司法部指控俄罗斯情报机构在克里姆林宫授意下，在欧洲合谋资助恐怖主义并实施雇凶杀人，涉及对防务工厂、公共事业、交通与通信网络的攻击。德国国内安全主管官员同样表达强硬立场，德国内政部长亚历山大·多布林特在9月1日公开表示，德国正成为俄罗斯混合战的“日常目标”。
Western judicial and security authorities have intensified formal accusations regarding Russian-sponsored hybrid warfare across the continent. The United States Department of Justice formally accused Russian intelligence agencies of conspiring to finance terrorism and commit murder for hire throughout Europe at the behest of the Kremlin, citing a wave of attacks on defense plants, public utilities, transport systems, and communications networks. German officials adopted a similar stance, with Interior Minister Alexander Dobrindt stating on September 1 that Germany has become a daily target of hybrid warfare by Moscow.
面对西方国家的密集指控，俄罗斯官方予以全盘否认。克里姆林宫发言人德米特里·佩斯科夫表示，相关指控“毫无根据”。欧洲官员透露，由于担忧局势升级以及保护情报侦测手段，欧洲多国政府在公开将具体事件归咎于俄罗斯时往往保持审慎；由于许多针对关键基础设施的网络黑客攻击并未公开披露，实际面临的混合威胁规模远大于官方通报范围。
The Russian government rejected the western claims entirely, with Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov dismissing the accusations as completely unfounded. European officials noted that responding to these grey-zone operations remains complex, as governments often show reluctance to blame Moscow publicly in order to avert escalation and protect sensitive intelligence methods. Consequently, with numerous cyberattacks and infrastructure intrusions remaining undisclosed, officials assess that the actual scope of hostile activity extends far beyond what is publicly acknowledged.
04防务企业自保升级与欧洲应对混合威胁的困境Defense Sector Security Ramp-Up and Countermeasure Challenges
面对持续升级的安全风险，欧洲多家主要军工企业正全面强化安保防御。爱沙尼亚防务企业米尔雷姆机器人首席执行官库尔达·瓦尔西指出，欧洲国防工业正处于与数年前截然不同的安全环境中，作为向北约及乌克兰供应装备的企业，必须充分考量潜在风险。在2024年首席执行官阿明·帕佩格的住所遭遇纵火且西方情报部门发出暗杀图谋警告后，德国军工巨头莱茵金属大幅强化了整体安保措施，帕佩格如今出行配有严密的安保随行队伍；德国军用雷达与传感器制造商亨索尔特也提升了厂区周边的无人机监控力度，首席执行官奥利弗·德尔表示，公司正寻求联邦警察批准以自建无人机拦截基础设施，并呼吁尽快出台明确指引。
European defense contractors are taking broad steps to protect personnel and facilities against escalating physical and cyber hazards. Estonian defense firm Milrem Robotics, which was targeted in an August suspected arson attack, stressed that military manufacturers are operating in a transformed security climate where NATO and Ukraine-linked suppliers must account for hostile actions. Following a 2024 arson attack at the home of Rheinmetall CEO Armin Papperger and intelligence warnings of an assassination plot, the German defense giant ramped up overall security, with Papperger now traveling under heavy protection. Concurrently, German sensor maker Hensoldt expanded perimeter and aerial surveillance around its facilities. Hensoldt CEO Oliver Dorre stated that the company wants to construct infrastructure to down hostile drones directly, requiring regulatory clearance from federal police before conditions worsen.
欧洲在反制此类灰色地带行动中暴露出体制层面的制度难题。北约欧洲盟军前副最高司令詹姆斯·埃弗拉德指出，欧洲开放社会的体制特性使袭击者更容易下手，面对这种“没有战火的战争”，俄罗斯自恃拥有核盾牌保护，认为无论是亲自出手还是借由代理人行动都能免受惩罚。知情人士还透露，德国许多军工制造商频繁遭遇网络攻击，但开放社会在法律审批、公私防务界限以及避免局势升级的考量下，难以迅速建立统一高效的防御机制。
Europe's institutional structure presents significant vulnerabilities when responding to kinetic and hybrid campaigns. Former NATO Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Europe James Everard noted that Western open societies inherently struggle to counter hybrid operations because their structural openness makes them accessible targets for adversaries. Everard described the campaign as a war without battle, arguing that Moscow operates directly or through proxies under the assumption that its nuclear deterrent provides impunity against retaliation. Additionally, with German defense suppliers facing routine cyber intrusions and private firms awaiting bureaucratic approvals for counter-drone defenses, European governments remain constrained by regulatory frameworks and escalation risks in defending domestic industry.
