中欧达成四年贸易协议：中国对欧混动车出口设每年35万辆配额上限EU and China Agree on Four-Year Deal Capping Hybrid Car Imports at 350,000

按照中欧达成的四年期贸易方案，进入欧盟市场的中国混合动力汽车年度配额设定为350,000辆，每年允许增长6%。欧盟委员会此前预计2026年中国混动车对欧出口量将达到800,000辆，该配额安排直接使预期出口规模压缩逾半。中国商务部援引欧盟统计局数据指出，中国对欧混动车出口量已从2024年的约107,000辆增加至2025年的约302,000辆，此次谈判正是以此前出口基数为参照制定的配额指标。

Under the terms of the four-year bilateral arrangement, Chinese hybrid car exports entering the European Union will face an annual quota of 350,000 units that increases by 6 percent each year. The import threshold leaves shipments at less than half of the 800,000 vehicles that the European Union had projected would arrive from China in 2026. Data from the European Commission statistical office cited by China's commerce ministry shows that Chinese hybrid shipments to the bloc had previously escalated from approximately 107,000 units in 2024 to roughly 302,000 units in 2025, establishing the baseline for the agreed ceiling.

待欧盟27个成员国正式同意该协议后，欧盟计划自12月1日起启动技术保障机制。在350,000辆额度用尽后，欧盟各入境港口将对额外车辆实施劝返。该限额条款名义上面向所有供应国，但目前无其他贸易伙伴达到相应出口规模。对于第三方生产布局，协议规定符合世界贸易组织原产地规则的车辆计入东道国配额，例如比亚迪在土耳其完全制造的车辆将不计入中国本国的年度配额。

Following formal consent from the bloc's 27 member states, Brussels intends to introduce a technical safeguard instrument around December 1. EU entry ports will turn away incoming shipments once the 350,000-vehicle threshold is exhausted within a quota period. While the quantitative limits technically apply to all external partners, no other exporting nation approaches China's shipment volume. For vehicles assembled outside China, production complying with World Trade Organization rules of origin will count against the host nation's tally, meaning cars manufactured by BYD in Turkey will not be deducted from China's annual export allocation.

为配合混动车出口限额安排，中国在关税和原材料准入方面作出了具体让步。自2027年1月1日起，中方将累计削减约40亿欧元（折合44.7亿美元）的欧盟输华商品关税，降税范围涵盖汽车零部件、橄榄油、冰淇淋以及鞋类制品。与此同时，中国政府正评估扩大稀土元素出口通用许可的适用领域，计划将医疗保健和医疗器械等新行业纳入其中，并考虑向此前曾获批此类许可的欧洲企业授予“白名单”资质。

Alongside the automotive quota mechanism, Beijing introduced direct reciprocal concessions covering tariffs and mineral export access. Beginning January 1, China will lower tariffs on European imports by a cumulative €4 billion, equivalent to approximately $4.47 billion. The duty reductions apply across multiple sectors, targeting car parts, olive oil, ice cream, and footwear. Chinese authorities are also examining whether to broaden the distribution of general export licenses for rare earth elements into additional fields such as healthcare and medical devices, while considering white-list status for European companies that previously held those permits.

除了直接下调进口关税与评估矿物出口准入，中国财政部与国家税务总局在10月12日联合发布通知，宣布自4月1日起将新能源汽车的增值税出口退税率从13%下调至9%。该通知同时明确取消电子烟产品的出口退税。这套财税调整旨在回应西方针对双边贸易失衡的关切，通过压缩出口退税空间，进一步抑制相关产业向海外过度出货的冲动。

In addition to import duty adjustments and potential rare earth approvals, Chinese fiscal authorities took domestic tax steps intended to address Western concerns over persistent trade imbalances. According to a joint notice released on October 12 by the Ministry of Finance and the State Taxation Administration, Beijing will lower the value-added tax export rebate rate on new energy vehicles from 13 percent to 9 percent on April 1. The same official directive completely eliminates export tax rebates on electronic cigarettes, placing financial brakes on outbound shipment volumes.

在解释中国何以从数周拒绝限制出口转为接受配额时，布鲁塞尔方面援引了一句商业格言。一位要求匿名的欧盟高级官员表示，商业中常讲顾客永远是对的，欧盟作为客户已明确表达自身承受的冲击，虽然欧洲愿意继续扮演客户角色，但中国产品的出货规模与激增态势已难以为继。该官员同时强调，希望向中国销售更多欧洲产品，而促使中国减少对欧出口则是推进双边贸易再平衡的关键政治诉求。在整个谈判过程中，欧盟官员明确表示未对中国产纯电动汽车的既有关税让步半分。

Brussels framed Beijing's eventual willingness to accept automotive curbs after weeks of resistance around a familiar commercial principle. Speaking on condition of anonymity, a senior European Union official noted that business adheres to the adage that the customer is always right, explaining that the bloc had conveyed clearly that its industries were hurting. While Europe intended to remain a loyal buyer, the official said the unprecedented volumes and inbound surge had become unsustainable. The official underscored that while European exporters want to sell more in China, having China sell less to Europe formed the core political driver of the bilateral rebalancing effort, noting that EU negotiators yielded no ground on existing tariffs against Chinese-made electric vehicles.

中国商务部则从保障企业稳定发展的角度阐释该项安排。商务部在10月12日的一份声明中表示，这一协议是立足于2025年混合动力汽车对欧出货表现制定的“向上安排”，旨在确保中国企业出口仍享有“稳定增长”的空间。商务部特别指出，没有任何措施会专门针对中国产品，更不会歧视性对待中国企业，中国所获得的配额额度绝不会低于任何其他欧盟进口来源国。

China's Ministry of Commerce characterized the outcome through the lens of export stability rather than retreat. In a formal statement on Monday, the ministry termed the pact an upward arrangement grounded in the 2025 baseline of hybrid shipments, asserting that the mechanism ensures practical room for the stable growth of Chinese automotive exports. The ministry emphasized that no technical safeguard would single out Chinese goods or apply discriminatory treatment to Chinese companies, maintaining that China's allocation under the framework will not be lower than that granted to any other source of European imports.

在10月12日开幕的巴黎车展上，法国总统埃马纽埃尔·马克龙对中欧达成的配额方案表示欢迎。马克龙在参观车展期间指出，这项限制机制有助于欧洲更好地保护自身市场免受“不正当竞争”的侵害。与此同时，欧洲汽车业整体对双方达成的谅解表示支持，但在汽车行业之外，其他欧洲工业部门发出警示，认为如果没有更广泛的政策举措，中国庞大的对欧贸易顺差依然难以改变。

French President Emmanuel Macron endorsed the quota pact during a visit to the Paris Motor Show on Monday, stating that the arrangement will help Europe protect its home market against disloyal competition. The European automotive sector welcomed the bilateral understanding reached with Beijing. However, other industrial groups cautioned that China's massive overall trade surplus with the bloc will persist unless further administrative actions are taken across wider product categories.

对于拓展欧洲业务的中国汽车制造商而言，该限制令企业面临直接的运营抉择。自欧盟在2024年对中国制造纯电动汽车加征关税以来，中国车企便日益将出口重心转向插电式混合动力汽车。一位常驻欧洲的中国车企高管直言，该协议犹如给中国企业套上了紧箍咒，尽管企业更倾向于不受限制，但必须顾全大局。该高管指出，布鲁塞尔的真实意图是倒逼中国企业将生产链转移至欧洲本地，而据其测算，此举将直接推高30%至50%的生产成本。

For Chinese automakers operating across Europe, the quantitative ceiling presents immediate strategic challenges. Chinese vehicle manufacturers had increasingly pivoted toward plug-in hybrids after the European Union imposed additional tariffs on Chinese-made electric vehicles in 2024. A Chinese automotive executive based in Europe described the agreement as a band-tightening spell on Chinese firms, adding that companies must take one for the team despite preferring unrestricted commerce. The executive observed that Brussels aims to compel manufacturers to shift production chains into Europe, estimating that establishing local assembly within the bloc will increase manufacturing costs by 30 to 50 percent.