NASA公布阿耳忒弥斯三号四人宇航员名单NASA Names Four-Member Crew for Artemis III Mission
美国国家航空航天局（NASA）于2026年6月9日公布了阿耳忒弥斯三号（Artemis III）任务的四名宇航员名单，计划最早于2027年发射。机组成员包括指令长兰迪·布雷斯尼克（NASA）、飞行员卢卡·帕尔米塔诺（欧洲空间局）、任务专家弗兰克·鲁比奥（NASA）和安德烈·道格拉斯（NASA），备份人员为鲍勃·海因茨。该任务此前已进行调整，宇航员将不会在月球表面着陆，而是在距离地球约290英里的近地轨道上停留两周，演练猎户座飞船与两款商业载人登月舱的对接。阿耳忒弥斯三号将使用太空发射系统（SLS）火箭从佛罗里达州肯尼迪航天中心发射，而实际的载人登月任务已推迟至2028年的阿耳忒弥斯四号。此次任务旨在对SpaceX和蓝色起源研制的登月舱原型进行关键的对接测试，为未来的登月奠定基础。
NASA announced the four-member crew for its upcoming Artemis III mission on Tuesday, June 9, 2026, with a target launch scheduled as early as 2027. The all-male crew consists of Commander Randy Bresnik (NASA), Pilot Luca Parmitano (ESA), and Mission Specialists Frank Rubio (NASA) and Andre Douglas (NASA), with Bob Heintz serving as the backup. Under a revised mission profile, the crew will not travel to or land on the Moon. Instead, they will remain in low-Earth orbit at an altitude of approximately 290 miles for two weeks to practice docking the Orion capsule with two prototype commercial lunar landers developed by SpaceX and Blue Origin. Artemis III will launch on NASA's Space Launch System (SLS) rocket from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida, serving as a critical rehearsal before the actual crewed lunar landing, which is now planned for the Artemis IV mission in 2028.
01机组人员正式公布：全男性阵容与背景介绍Crew Announcement: Profiles of the All-Male Astronaut Lineup
此次公布的四名正式宇航员均为男性。指令长兰迪·布雷斯尼克是美国海军陆战队成员，曾两次进入太空并停留149天。来自意大利的欧洲空间局宇航员卢卡·帕尔米塔诺将担任飞行员，他同样两次进入太空，曾在一场险些溺水的太空行走事故中因头盔进水而紧急中止任务。
The newly announced all-male crew brings a diverse range of military and technical backgrounds to the mission. Commander Randy Bresnik, a member of the U.S. Marine Corps, has flown to space twice and logged 149 days in orbit. Pilot Luca Parmitano, an Italian astronaut representing the European Space Agency, also has two spaceflights under his belt, including a notable spacewalk that was cut short when his helmet filled with water.
任务专家弗兰克·鲁比奥曾在美国陆军服役，是一名家庭医生，他在执行空间站任务时因飞船受损导致停留延长，以371天创下美国人最长单次太空飞行纪录。另一位任务专家安德烈·道格拉斯则是首次执行太空飞行，这位40岁的佛罗里达州工程师是海岸警卫队预备役军官，拥有系统工程博士学位，曾担任阿耳忒弥斯二号备份人员。此外，经验丰富的测试飞行员鲍勃·海因茨将作为备份人员，能够替换任何角色。
Mission Specialist Frank Rubio, a former U.S. Army officer and family physician, previously flew to the International Space Station, where a spacecraft malfunction extended his stay to a record-breaking 371 days, the longest single spaceflight by an American. Joining him as Mission Specialist is 40-year-old Florida-born engineer Andre Douglas, a Coast Guard reserve officer with a doctorate from George Washington University who is making his first spaceflight after serving as a backup for Artemis II. Veteran test pilot Bob Heintz will serve as the backup crew member, capable of stepping into any role.
02任务范围调整：从登月到近地轨道对接演练Shift in Mission Scope: From Lunar Landing to Low-Earth Orbit Rehearsal
阿耳忒弥斯三号最初被规划为自1972年阿波罗17号以来的首次载人登月任务，原计划安排两名宇航员在月球南极附近着陆并停留一周。然而，美国国家航空航天局（NASA）在2026年2月调整了该计划，决定将此次任务限制在近地轨道进行。宇航员将不会前往月球或在其附近飞行，而是留在距离地球约290英里的轨道上，这一高度仅比国际空间站高出约40英里。
Artemis III was originally envisioned as the first crewed lunar landing mission since Apollo 17 in 1972, with plans to set two astronauts down near the Moon's south pole for a week-long stay. However, NASA altered this flight profile in February, scaling back the mission to remain entirely within low-Earth orbit. The crew will not travel to the Moon or fly anywhere near it. Instead, they will orbit approximately 290 miles above Earth, a altitude only about 40 miles higher than the International Space Station.
在为期两周的飞行中，宇航员将搭乘在2026年4月阿耳忒弥斯二号任务中也使用过的猎户座飞船。他们的核心任务是演练猎户座飞船与两款商业载人登月舱原型的交会对接。这两款登月舱分别由埃隆·马斯克的SpaceX公司和杰夫·贝索斯的蓝色起源公司竞相研发。NASA局长贾里德·艾萨克曼指出，尽管任务范围有所调整，但这仍将是NASA有史以来最复杂的任务之一，需要历史上最令人叹为观止的重型运载火箭发射协调工作。
During the two-week demonstration, the crew will travel inside the same Orion capsule design used during the Artemis II mission in April 2026. Their primary objective is to practice rendezvous and docking procedures with two prototype commercial lunar landers, which are being developed in a competitive race by Elon Musk's SpaceX and Jeff Bezos' Blue Origin. NASA Administrator Jared Isaacman stated that despite the change in scope, the mission remains one of the agency's most complex undertakings, requiring an unprecedented coordination of heavy-lift rocket launches.
03后续登月规划与潜在的技术挑战Future Lunar Timeline and Potential Technical Challenges
根据美国国家航空航天局（NASA）的规划，阿耳忒弥斯计划的实际载人登月任务已推迟至2028年发射的阿耳忒弥斯四号（Artemis IV）。届时，该任务计划将美国宇航员送上月球表面，这也将是自1972年阿波罗17号任务以来人类的首次登月。阿耳忒弥斯三号在近地轨道的对接演练，正是为这一关键的登月里程碑奠定技术基础。
According to NASA's current timeline, the actual crewed lunar landing has been deferred to the Artemis IV mission, which is scheduled to launch in 2028. This subsequent mission aims to place American astronauts on the surface of the Moon for the first time since the Apollo 17 mission in 1972. The low-Earth orbit docking rehearsals conducted during Artemis III are designed to serve as a critical stepping stone toward achieving this landing milestone.
然而，该计划的推进仍面临潜在的技术挑战。外界目前高度关注杰夫·贝索斯旗下蓝色起源公司（Blue Origin）的新格伦（New Glenn）火箭近期发生的爆炸事故，并担忧这一事件是否会波及阿耳忒弥斯三号任务。由于该任务高度依赖商业伙伴的研发进度，复杂的跨部门与跨企业协调工作将成为确保2027年顺利发射的关键因素。
Nevertheless, potential technical challenges and coordination hurdles still loom over the program's schedule. Questions continue to linger regarding whether the recent explosion of Blue Origin's New Glenn rocket will impact the timeline or preparation for the Artemis III mission. Ensuring a successful launch as early as 2027 will require managing highly complex coordination efforts across government teams and private spaceflight partners.